Runes

The runic script

Rune	Transliteration	Name¹	Meaning of the name
		fehu	cattle (cf. German Vieh)
		uruz	urochs
		þurisaz²	giant, demon
		ansuz	Asa
		raiðo	cart
		kaunan	?
		gebo	gift
		wunjo (winjo?)	fortune (pasture?)
		haglaz	hail
		nauðir	need
		isan	ice
		jeran	year
		iwaz	taxus (cf. ivy)
		perþo	pear?
		algiz	elk
		sowilo	sun
		tiwaz	Tyr
		berkanan	birch
		ehwaz	horse (cf. Latin equus)
		manz	man
		laukaz (laguz?)	leek (sea?)
		ingwaz	Ing
		dagaz	day
		oþalan	estate

¹ The names of the runes are reconstructed forms by the runologist Wolfgang Krause. These reconstructions are based on names mentioned in manuscripts that date from the 8th century and later. However, the runic script may have been invented as early as the 1st century and we cannot be sure that the reconstructed names are the same as the names that were actually used in the early centuries.

² Later this rune was called þorn (thorn) in English texts, and sometimes in Scandinavian texts as well. Perhaps this rune was renamed by the Christians to avoid associations with the devil.

³ The exact sound value of this rune is uncertain.

⁴ This rune originally had the sound value of z and it only occured at the end of a syllable. Later this sound changed into r.

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